The Srivijaya Empire in Indonesia

Face Communication Is More Effective Than Other Types Of...

There are many different points to consider when considering whether face to face communication is more or less effective than other types of communication, such as the importance of facial expressions and nonverbal body language. Communication would be considered effective when the most information is conveyed between the people involved. Nonverbal body language is generally nonverbal behaviours that can include interpersonal distance, body movement, facial behaviour, touch, vocal behaviours, and others. (Hall, Coats and LeBeau, 2005) With nonverbal body language one needs to consider what signals do people pick up from nonverbal communication as well as what conversations lose with these signals. However, there is the other side to†¦show more content†¦Another thing that is offered by face to face communication is that it offers something when information is received and understood, without delay, something electronic forms of communication cannot offer. Face to face commu nication also offers the opportunity to take turns when speaking and in turn create a sequence whereas with electronic communications, such as emails or texts, the conversation can be broken up by irrelevant interruptions and do not have the same effect. However Clark Brennan, (1990) did look at how electronic communication can also be a more effective form of communication. For example with emails and texts information will always be there and can be later reviewed by other people in case there needs to be editing of information before sending. Face to face communication can possibly be irreplaceable as well. Hallowell, (1999) looked at how face to face communication is essential for human movement, an authentic psychological encounter that occurs when two people share the same physical space as well as emotional and intellectual attention. However on the other hand face to face communication can be disruptive and costly, and other forms of communication might be preferable. Sprou ll and Kiesler, (1992) found that technological changes can help people cross social, psychological and physical boundaries and can effect group behaviour and decision

GDP †A Gross Deception Free Essays

Capitalism concentrates on production of wealth more than distribution of wealth to satisfy the needs, which is secondary in their view. Therefore, the capitalist economic system has one aim, which is to increase the country’s wealth as a whole, and it works to arrive at the highest possible level of production. It considers that the achievement of the highest possible level of welfare for the members of society will come as a result of increasing the national income by raising the level of production in the country, and in enabling individuals to be able to take the wealth, by being left free to work in producing and possessing it. We will write a custom essay sample on GDP – A Gross Deception or any similar topic only for you Order Now So for capitalists the economy does not exist to satisfy the needs of every individual, rather it is focused on satisfying the needs of the wider community by raising the level of production and increasing the national income of the country. It believes that through the availability of the national income, the distribution of income among the members of society occurs, by means of freedom of possession and freedom of work. So it is left to the individuals to obtain what they can of the wealth, everyone according to what he has of its productive factors, whether all the individuals or only some individuals are satisfied. This is the so called â€Å"trickle-down effect†, a now-discredited theory of distribution which holds that the concentration of wealth in a few hands benefits the poor as the wealth necessarily â€Å"trickles down† to them, mainly through employment and as a result of investments made by the wealthy. In most cases, this policy failed, as the benefits were pocketed by a few. GNP is used widely by the capitalist nations as a measure of total production of all goods and services produced in a nation (usually annually) and central to a government’s national income accounts. GNP was introduced during World War II as a measure of wartime production capacity, since then the Gross National Product (since changed to Gross Domestic Product – GDP) has become a nation’s foremost indicator of economic progress. Yet the GDP was never intended for this role. It is merely a gross tally of products and services bought and sold. However it is now widely used by policy makers, economists, international agencies and the media as the primary scorecard of a nation’s economic health and well- being. Yet in this role it has many serious flaws. 1. The GDP ignores everything that happens outside the realm of monetized exchange, regardless of its importance to well-being and the society. Hence values (humanitarian, ethical, spiritual) other than material values go entirely ignored. 2. The GDP records every monetary transaction as positive, so the costs of social decay and natural disasters are tallied as an economic advance. For example the terrible effects of crime are recorded positively as adding billions of dollars to the GDP due to the need for locks and other security measures, increased police protection, property damage, and medical costs. Hurricane Andrew was a disaster for Southern Florida USA, but the GDP recorded it as a boon to the economy of well over $15 billion. 3. GDP ignores the drawbacks of living on foreign assets. Where governments have increased their spending by borrowing from abroad, this raises the GDP temporarily, but the need to repay this debt becomes a growing burden on the national economy. This downside of borrowing from abroad is not reflected in the GDP. 4. The GNP was turned into the GDP – a change that was deceptive and exploited by the Capitalist nations. Under the old measure, the Gross National Product, the earnings of a capitalist multinational firm were attributed to the country where the firm was owned and where the profits would eventually return. Under the Gross Domestic Product, however, the profits are attributed to the country where the factory is located, even though the profits won’t stay there. This accounting shift has deceptively turned many struggling nations into statistical boomtowns. Statistics which are used in aiding the push for globalisation and free trade. Conveniently, it hides a basic fact: that the western Capitalist nations are walking off with the resources of poorer nations and calling it a gain for the poor. 5. Above all GDP ignores the distribution of income. In effect the GDP hides the fact that a rising tide does not lift all boats. From 1973 to 1993 in the USA, while GDP rose by over 50 percent, wages suffered a decline of almost 14 percent. Meanwhile, during the 1980s alone, the top 5 percent of households increased their real income by almost 20 percent. Yet the GDP presents this enormous gain at the top as a bounty to all. Furthermore the average number of poor people averaged more than 30 million people over the last 40 years in the US, with an average of 15% of the population being poor. In the meantime, the gross national product continued to increase drastically, over the same period. The GDP grew from $400 billions to $10 trillions from 1959 to 2000. This very large increase in the national product did not contribute to the resolution of poverty. More than 30 million people continue to be poor. Hence Capitalism superbly increases the production of products and services, and hence wealth. However this completely fails to resolve the poverty of the individuals. The number of poor people continues to grow. In reality therefore GDP as a measure of a nation’s economic well being is really a deception. It begins to explain why people feel increasingly gloomy despite official claims of economic progress and growth. In Islam, the economic problem is focused on distributing the means of satisfaction for individuals i. e. the distribution of the funds and benefits to the members of the nation or people, not on the needs which the nation or the people require without having any regard to every individual within the nation. In other words, the problem is the poverty which occurs to the individual not the poverty which occurs to the nation. The concern of the Islamic economic system is focused predominantly on satisfying the basic needs of every individual, not the study of producing economic commodity. Islam makes the subject of study, the basic human needs of man, as a human being, and the study of distributing the wealth to the members of society to guarantee the satisfaction of all their basic needs. Unlike capitalism it is aware that the treatment of the poverty of a country, through raising the level of production, does not solve the problem of poverty for individuals. Rather, Islam advocates the treatment of the poverty problems of all the individuals, and the distribution of the wealth of the country among them by addressing their basic needs first, thus motivating all the people of the country to work in increasing the national income. How to cite GDP – A Gross Deception, Papers

Evaluate the Credit Default Swaps

Question: Explain how derivatives are used by the investment bankers and critically evaluate the Credit Default Swaps (CDS) and systemic risk. Answer: Derivatives are contract, the value of which is derived from the asset that is underlying. The underlying asset may be in the nature of stock, market index, security, etc. The investments bankers use derivatives to take a position and hedge the position accordingly. The position is hedged through the tools like options, forwards, future, and swaps. The investment banker buys an asset and sells it through a futures contract (Teoh, 2009). The investment banker that leads to a better opportunity takes arbitrage opportunity. Credit Default Swap It is an agreement of financial swap that the CDS seller will pay the buyer if the default happens in case of a loan. The CDS buyer makes a payment series to the seller and in this regard gets a payoff of the default happens. The existence of CDS can be traced to 1990 and its use has increased after 2003. It is not traded on the stock exchange and needs no reporting of any transactions to the government (Teoh, 2009). CDS data is of great use as financial professionals, regulators, as well as media to evaluate how the market takes a stand of credit risk on which a CDS is available can use it. A CDS can even be unsecured in nature and will carry a higher risk for a default (Zhang, 2005). The International Swaps and Derivatives Association document most CDS utilizing the standard formats that are drafted. Systemic Risk Systemic risk is the risk of collapse of a total financial system or entire market as contrast to the risk associated with any single entity, component, or a group. This risk can be stated as the instability of the financial system, potential harm, events in financial intermediaries. Moreover, it reflects the risk that is imposed by interlinkages in a total system (Zhang, 2005). It is inherent in the system and hence termed as systematic risk. References Teoh, M 2009, Does Size Matter in the Hedge Fund Industry?, SSRN Working Paper. Zhang, L 2005, The Value Premium, Journal of Finance, vol. 60, pp. 67à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 103.

Coming To The New World Essays - Calvinism, Congregationalism

Coming To The New World Coming to the New World was a major advancement in the lives of many Spanish, French, and English people between the years of 1942-1629. The migration effected the lives dramatically. They will come to see that in the coming years almost everything will change from religion to their types of settlement. The role of religion was very important, for it had an immense power over the European society. Christianity converted all of Europe including the Spanish, French, and English. Christian doctrine provided a common understanding of God. The church provided authority and discipline in the society. Every village had a church, which thought that Satan constantly challenged God by tempting people into evil. Christianity had played an important role in Portugal and Spain, but it divided Europe into Catholics and Protestants. A protestant rebellion in the Spanish Netherlands drained the wealth of the Spanish and gave resources to expand into North America and brought a new impact of European and Indian people. Over time, the Catholic Church had become very large and wealthy, controlling resources throughout Europe. In 1517, a German monk and professor, Martin Luther, sold indulgences. These were church certificates that pardoned a sinner from punishments in the afterlife. He was excommunicauhujuujjujjted by the pope and threatened with punishment by King Charles I of Spain. He was protected by a northern German princess and could not be arrested. After Luther, came a French theologian from Switzerland named John Calvin. He stressed omnipotence of God and the corruption of human nature. He preached the doctrine of predestination, the idea that God chose certain people for salvation even before they were born. He appeared to Christians and said to people that they needed a personal relationship with God. Calvin believed in a God that gave what he received and also that saintly people could change government. People started to believe on Prodesism and Calvinism; people believed in things that made sense to them. All these things together had an effect on the history of the United States, for these beliefs were brought over. Calvinists won over people all over Europe. The Huguenots in France adopted it, reformed churches in Holland and Belgium, and converted people in Scotland. Following Calvinism, Puritans banned several traditional religious rites, such as Holy Communion, focusing more on sermons and ethics. They also encouraged people to read the Bible, by this, promoting extensive literacy. Consequently, Puritan migrants carried these doctrines to America. ?Luther's challenge to Catholicism came just two weeks before Cortes conquered the Aztec empire, and the two events remained linked (Brody, 24).? Spain became the wealthiest nation in Europe, for it had all the gold and silver from Mexico and Peru. It also made King Phillip II the most powerful ruler. Since religion played an important role, Phillip, and eager Catholic, tried to wipe out Protestantism in the Netherlands. In order to protect their Calvinist faith, the Dutch and Flemish revolted against Spain. Phillip planned to bring back Catholicism in England and then wipe out Calvinism in Holland, but he failed. He had spent so much of his American Gold on wars that by the time of his death, Spain was in serious economical turmoil. Meanwhile, English merchants promoted settlement in Virginia. fled first to the Dutch Republic, then to New England, and then to the West. Many people, English men and women, thought of the idea of migration to America to escape a new wave of religious c onflict. King James I rejected more Puritan and Presbyterian reforms. ?James threatened to carry them out of the land. Radical Protestants took his word and Indies. The voyage was long but they remained driven by poverty and persecution and hope came along with the New World. The influence of religion in the conquest of the Americas played a very important role. The invasion of Europeans in the New World, religious conversion threatened Indian people with the loss of their land, lives, and age-old cultures and traditions. The Spanish forced the Indians to convert to Catholicism and to wok by digging for gold. When Columbus first arrived in the America, he brought along all his beliefs. ?They should be good servants and of quick intelligence?.and I

Australian English Essay Example

Australian English Essay Example Australian English Essay Australian English Essay Strine: Stralyan Slang from Singlet and Stubby The question What makes us Australian has underscored Australian politics and culture since the Second World War. Is it the colour of our skin No; immigration means that 10% of all Australians are now of non-European extraction. Is it our culture Perhaps, but there are hundreds of different cultures co-existing in Australia, again, due to immigration, and if we were to take White Australian Culture as national, then how unique is it really in comparison to New Zealand, Canada, the U.K. and the like Ah! I hear you say, But what about our language Now thatâ„ ¢s something we almost all have in common. All right then, does our language make us Australian Not at all, it couldnâ„ ¢t be more uniform. We, as Australians, use the same English as one-and-a-half billion others worldwide. Or do we There are three important distinctions. The first, vocabulary, is our extension of the Language. The second, colloquialisms, is our modification of the Language. The third, pronunciation, is the accent with which we speak the language. According to its editor Dr. Bruce Moore, the newest edition of the Oxford Australian National Dictionary is anticipated to include more than 14,000 distinctly Australian words and meanings. Words from the Convict Era such as Swag, from the First World War such as Aussie and Furphy, from the Contemporary Era such as Removalist and Benchtop, negative words such as Bludger, positive words such as Battler and Larrikin, and the more recent: Bogan and Ranga. Bogan, meaning Foolâ„ ¢ or Hooliganâ„ ¢, first appeared in the 1980s. Bogan has since screamed onto the scene, replacing the former regional equivalents: Westie, from Sydney and Melbourne, Bevan, from Queensland, Chigga, from Tasmania, and Booner, from Canberra. Ranga, a derogatory term for someone with red or orange hair, derives from the word O-rang-utanâ„ ¢. It rose to fame with the Australian Television satire Summer Heights High. From the words mentioned above, Bogan and Ranga are two which can be described as slang. Fittingly enough, there is another slang term used to denote the very same slang it defines: Strine. The colloquialisms of our Language, known nationally as Australianisms, take three forms. The first, diminutives, are abbreviations on nouns such as afternoonâ„ ¢, breakfastâ„ ¢ and footballâ„ ¢. These turn into arvo, brekky and footy. A similar pattern can also be followed for other words like journo, from journalist, and hecky, from hectic, a noun for an aggressive, hard-drinking youth. The second, nicknames, are endearing variations on oneâ„ ¢s first or last name such as Whitey, from White, Johnno, from John, and Jezz, from Jeremy. The third form of Australianisms are incomplete comparisons, these include sweet asâ„ ¢ and, similarly, sick asâ„ ¢, expressing pleasure or approval. The Australian accent is just as, if not more, Australian than our strine or colloquialisms, and it would simply be unthinkable to barbeque a shrimp without one. From 1788 it developed haphazardly from a mish-mash of British and Irish dialects. None, however, of the first generation of Australian born children would have spoken the dialects of their parents. Dr. Bruce Moore: A speaker with some very pronounced dialect sounds might find it very much to their advantage to modify those sounds if they caused significant misunderstandings for the speakers of other dialects. He continues, many of the really distinctive dialect variants that existed among the speakers of their [the childrenâ„ ¢s] parents generation would have been eliminated. A process of dialect levelling would have taken place. Soon, Australian pronunciation splintered into three categories: Cultivated Australian, the accent of the well-educated, General Australian, the accent we recognise today, and Broad Australian, the accent of Strine. Cultivated Australian English, most similar to British Received Pronunciation, is now only spoken by 10% of the population and is on the decline. General Australian is spoken by 80% of the population and is a compromise between Cultivated and Broad. Broad Australian is spoken by 10% of the population and is the accent most commonly identified as stereotypically Australian. However, even within the category General Australian, there exist regional variations. The most passionately disputed of these is the gra-ph or gra-rph dilemmaâ„ ¢. In South Australia and Victoria the word graphâ„ ¢ is pronounced with a long aâ„ ¢ sound, like that which one might make at the Dentistâ„ ¢s, whereas in the other states the short aâ„ ¢ sound, like that in the word tapâ„ ¢ is pronounced. This dilemma also applies to words such as danceâ„ ¢, grantâ„ ¢, commandâ„ ¢ and so on. The long aâ„ ¢ sound is most similar to Cultivated Australian, whilst the short aâ„ ¢ sound is closer to Broad Australian. I, personally, find the short aâ„ ¢ to sound lazy and unsophisticated, but perhaps, because of our relaxed and laid-back nature, we just donâ„ ¢t feel the need to pronounce words correctly. This is certainly the case with words like waterâ„ ¢ and runningâ„ ¢ and others similar, which turn into worda and runnin, respectively; and why not After all, it is our Language. In 1987 the government report National Policy on Languages stated: Australian English is a dynamic and vital expression of the distinctiveness of Australian culture and an element of national identity. And, whatever the colour of your skin, whatever your culture, you would have to agree. Bibliography: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Lingua Franca Australian English: Australian Identity. ABC.net.au. Web. 14 Mar. 2010. . Collins English Dictionary. Bogan Definition of Bogan by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus The Free Dictionary. Web. 14 Mar. 2010. . Convict Creations. Language and Identity in Australia. Convict Creations Thinking Different. Web. 14 Mar. 2010. . Harvey, Peter. What Is Australian Culture | Peter Harvey |. Big Think. Web. 14 Mar. 2010. . Moore, Dr. Bruce. Power of Speech All Ours. The Australian | The Heart of a Nation. The Australian. Web. 14 Mar. 2010. . Urban Dictionary. Urban Dictionary: Ranga. Urban Dictionary. Web. 14 Mar. 2010. . Wikipedia. Australian English. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 14 Mar. 2010. . Wikipedia. Demographics of Australia. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 14 Mar. 2010. . Acknowledgements: Dr. Bruce Moore.

Institutions of Poverty in Guadalupe and Chavez Essay

Institutions of Poverty in Guadalupe and Chavez - Essay Example The manner in which each institution acts on the society is controlled by numerous factors. This is aimed at separating individuals who earn their income using unlawful means from ones who with legal sources of income. This is therefore what is represented by indigenous organizations. This separation is in regard to the geographic means since these institutions put into consideration areas with more security and ones with high crime rates. Normally, illegal groups live in the crime-ridden areas because they won't have to care about the police. This is due to the fact that there is no constant presence of police officers. On the other hand, social networks are organizations that aim at helping people to find jobs. One thing that is being noticed is that there are certain jobs which are exclusive to a certain ethnic-racial group since what really matters is the number of that group. The third institution, the local subculture, is responsible for controlling means through which a family gets aid (219). That is, the needs and mentality of the family are the main factors that will determine whether the family will be given the welfare’s aid or not. Usually, size and the role of each family member define the structure of the family. A neighborhood, ethnic group, and family structure are the other factors which influence these three institutions. First, the existence of police officers in certain neighborhoods provides the chance for the illegal networks to work away from police-view. Second, ethnicity is the major factor which the social networks put into consideration (who works where). This is acc ording to its assertion above that every certain race dominates certain kind of jobs. Furthermore, a big role is played by the family structure in the subcultures and determines the manner through which aid would be distributed among the members.